Marwa Abdulkhaliq Yasin

Accumulation and Effects of Chromium and Cadmium in Tissues of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Fingerlings Rearing in a Closed System

 

 

SUMMARY

 

An experiment was carried out for 71 days in College of Science, University of Salahaddin-Erbil during mid of June to the end of August 2018.Twelve experimental diets have been developed to contain CrCl2.6H2O, CdCl2.H2O and combination of both compounds as a source of pollutant in the feeds for Cyprinus carpio fingerlings with concentrations 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg DW in addition to control diet and the feeds contain crude protein 28% and 8% crude lipid. The diets were hand-fed to the fish twice a day at 3 % of fish body weight after fingerlings had acclimatized to the test for 15 days.  Seventeen physical and chemical properties of water were analyzed such as water temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, total hardness, reactive phosphorus, ammonia and nitrate with values were ranged from  (22.7 to 25.8 oC) , (1.15 to 5.1 NTU), ( 310 to 380 μS/cm), ( 7.98 to 8.21), (5.65 to 10.5 mg/L), (170 to 199 mg/L), (2.46 to 6.82 mg/L), (38.39 to 52.84 mg/L), (22.4 to 25 mg/L), (1.21 to 1.66 mg/L), (0.15 to 0.59 mg/L), (16 to 34 mg/L), (85 to 134 mg/L), (220 to 280 mg.CaCO3/L), (3 to 16 mg/L), (0.01 to 1.36 mg/L), (37.09 to 45.84 mg/L) respectively.

On the other hand, biochemical parameters such as: cholesterol,  Triglycerides (TG), High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL-D), Low- Density Lipoproteins (LDL-D), urea, Bilirubin direct, total Bilirubin, Alkaline Phosphatase Level(ALP), creatinine, Lipase, amylase, bilirubin indirect, Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT), Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) were evaluated in serum of Cyprinus carpio. The maximum levels of ALP and GOT were recorded in fish supplemented with Chromium were 660 U/L and 1486 U/L at concentrations (Cr 2.0 mg) and (Cr 1.0 mg) respectively. Results showed that Lipase levels were lower than amylase in all treatments of (Cd, Cr and combination treatments). Fish were fed with combination treatment (1.0 mg) have highest LDL-D and amylase compared to other concentrations of combination treatment.

The lowest mean value of Creatinine and TG among combination treatments were 0.25 mg/dL and 174 mg/dL at treatment (2.0 mg/kg DW) and (0.5mg/kg) respectively. The result of this study discovered that lipase and bilirubin direct values decreased with increasing concentration of combination treatments. Total mean values of ALP, GOT and GPT were 74.4 U/L, 1062.6 U/L and 114.2 U/L for combination treatments respectively. The outcome of the present study showed that any increase in Cd concentration led to a decrease in serum cholesterol. HDL values in control and Cd treatments were lower than LDL levels. The levels of urea among Cd treatments were ranged from 12 to 19 mg/dL. High levels of amylase were recorded in the blood of C. carpio supplemented with cadmium particularly in 2 mg/kg treatment with values of 984 U/L compared to108 U/L in control blood samples.

Growth performance and feed utilization of common carp fingerlings were measured such as weight gain (WG), Specific growth rate (SGR %), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Mortality (%) and Survival (%).The highest weight gain (WG) value among fish groups were supplemented with different concentrations of Cr and control group was recorded at a concentration (Cr 3.0 mg/kg ) with FBW 12.21 g, whereas the lowest weight gain (WG) value was found at concentration (Cr 2.0 mg) with FBW 6.34 g. The survival rate of fish fed with (Cr 3.0 mg) was highest compared to other Cr concentrations, while the minimum survival rate was recorded in fish groups supplemented with (Cr 0.5 mg). The maximum SGR% among groups supplemented with Cd concentrations were recorded at concentration of Cd 1.0 mg, while the minimum value was found at dietary supplemented with (Cd 2.0 mg/kg DW). The final body weight, weight gain and specific growth rate of C. carpio at (Cd 2.0 mg) concentration lower than other treatment and control treatment, in contrast, feed conversion ratio of C. carpio at a concentration (2.0 mg) higher than other groups among fish fed with different levels of CdCl2. The mean value of the survival rate was higher than the mortality rate in fish feed supplemented with (CdCl2).The highest weight gain and SGR % found in fish supplemented with a combination treatment of 3.0 mg.

Heavy trace metals (Cadmium and Chromium) were measured in fish tissues and water samples. The findings showed the highest Cr content in fish organs were supplemented with different concentrations of CrCl2 particularly (2.0 mg). The fish supplemented with CrCl2 (1.0 mg) have the lowest Cr levels in muscle and bone compared to other organs. The Cd content in fish fed with (2.0 mg) CdCl2 was 0.058 mg/kg and 0.149 mg/kg in gill and bone tissues respectively. The highest Cd content in fish fed (3.0 mg) of CdCl2 was found in muscle tissue, while the lowest tissue Cd content was found in gill and total fish tissue. The minimum concentrations of Cr and Cd in water were recorded in control tanks while the maximum concentrations were recorded in water with fish diet supplemented with (3.0 mg).

Results of this study recorded that highest BAF for Cr among different organs of fish from water fed with (0.5 and 2.0 mg) CrCl2 have been found in muscle tissues, while highest BAF for Cr among organs supplemented with (1.0 and 3.0 mg) CrCl2 have been found in scale tissues. BAF for Cd in different tissues of fish from water in a closed system was as follows: bone >scale> muscle > gill and muscle >scale>bone >gill at treatment (2.0 and 3.0 mg) of CdCl2 respectively. BAF for Cd in different organs of fish from the water was as follows: scale> bone > gill, muscle and scale> muscle > bone > gill at levels (2.0 and 3.0 mg) of combination treatments respectively.

 

The present study showed that bio-magnification factor (BMF) of Cr in fish organs from diet during the current study decreased in the order muscle >scale> gill > bone, scale> bone> gill > muscle at treatments (0.5, and 3.0 mg) of CrCl2 respectively. Bio-magnification factor (BMF) of Cd in fish organs from diet decreased in the order bone >scale> muscle > gill, muscle >scale> bone > gill at concentrations (2.0 and 3.0 mg) of CdCl2 respectively. The maximum Cr biomagnification observed in fish bone tissues supplemented with (2.0 mg) of combination treatment.

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