Hydrology and Hydrochemistry of Sipna sub basin, Sheladize area, NE Duhok, Kurdistan Region Iraq.

Abstract

The study area, which is a part of the Greater Zab River, is located in
the Sheladize area, 60 kilometers northeast of Duhok City in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, between the coordinates (37°03’34.1″ to 37°0’45.37″) N and (43°39’16.8″ to 43°49’48.81″) E. The area contains many geological
formations. The oldest is the Garagu Formation of the Early Cretaceous age, and the youngest is the Mukdadiya Formation of the Late Miocene -Pliocene age.
The climatic data from the Duhok Meteorological Station were utilized
to calculate the study area’s meteorological parameters for the years (2000-
2020). Calculated water balance for the period (2000-2020) revealed average annual rainfall, average relative humidity, annual pan evaporation, and total runoff to be 588.91mm/year, 47.71%, 673.31mm/year, and 204.27 mm/year, respectively. According to the morphometric studies, the Sipna sub basin, which has a total area of 251 km2 and is classified as a fourth-order basin, has a stream length of around 30.3 km.
According to the research, the Sipna sub basin has a drainage density
(Dd) of 0.64 km/km2 and mean bifurcation ratio (Rb-) of 6.79. The sub basin has an elongated form, with elongation ratios (Re) and circularity ratios (Rc) of 0.59 and 0.29, respectively, and dendritic to parallel drainage patterns. From 12-October 2021 (low-flow season) to 18-April 2022 (high-flow season), surface water samples were taken at 20 locations along the Sipna stream at a rate of 20 samples each season. The Sipna stream’s water quality is appropriate for drinking water and various other purposes, according to water indices and comparisons to the WHO and IQS standards. According to hydrochemistry diagrams as Piper diagram, the study’s findings indicate that Ca-bicarbonate is the most common type of water. Rock weathering and anthropogenic activities are the two most common natural hydrochemical processes.

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