Geo-electrical methods are applied to map the resistivity structure of the underground. The electrical resistivity method is one of the most useful techniques in groundwater hydrology exploration because the resistivity of a rock is very sensitive to its water content. In turn, the resistivity of water is very sensitive to its ionic content. Rock resistivity is of special interest for hydrogeological purposes: it allows, e.g., to discriminate between fresh water and salt water, between soft-rock sandy aquifers and clayey material, between hard rock porous/fractured aquifers and low-permeable claystones and marlstones, and between water-bearing fractured rock and its solid host rock. These techniques are used extensively in the search for suitable groundwater sources and also to monitor types of groundwater pollution; in engineering surveys to locate sub-surface cavities, faults and fissures, permafrost, mineshafts, etc.; and in archaeology for mapping out the areal extent of remnants of buried foundations of ancient buildings, amongst many other applications.

The understandings of the fundamental concepts of the subject were carried out by the direct application of the theoretical part in laboratory. Therefore, this subject will be important to the students after graduation in many fields like hydrogeology, agriculture, environment, archaeology, mineral exploration and engineering.

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